1. Home
  2. Volume 16, Special Issue No 1, 2021
  3. Hasyim

COVID-19 and the City: A Healthy City Strategy for Pandemic Challenges, from Planning to Action

Hamzah Hasyim, Patricia Dale

Abstract


COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, a new coronavirus discovered in 2019. WHO declared COVID-19 is a respiratory disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 as a pandemic that the detection level of cases changed daily, and it can track almost in real-time. This paper used a narrative literature review to address issues of urban quality and lack of exercise. The specific aim was to discuss the concept of a healthy city, indicate a new urban model, and advocate for the increased use of bicycles, outdoor gym/outdoor exercise, walking to reducing pollution, and improving physical, psychological, and social fitness. A healthy city can improve residents’ health by improving conditions of life to face COVID-19 pandemics. It needs the local capacity to prevent the spread of the diseases and design public health concepts concerning the built environment and contemporary towns in a new urban model. Dialogue opportunities in public health can provide essential guidance for designers (architects and town planners), decision-makers, public health experts, and health agencies locally, promoting the actions and policies to transform the city into a healthier neighborhood and salutogenesis.

Keywords


city by bike, COVID-19, healthy city, new urban model

Full Text:

PDF

References


 1.Russell CD, Millar JE, Baillie JKJTL. Clinical evidence does not support corticosteroid treatment for 2019-nCoV lung injury. 2020;395(10223):473-5.

 2.Motlagh A, Yamrali M, Azghandi S, Azadeh P, Vaezi M, Ashrafi F, et al. COVID19 prevention & care; a cancer specific guideline. 2020;23(4):255-64.

 3.Meters W. COVID-19 Coronavirus Pandemic 2021; 2021.

 4.World Health Organization. WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard 2021; 2021.

 5.Ferguson NM, Laydon D, Nedjati-Gilani G, Imai N, Ainslie K, Baguelin M, et al. Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand. Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team. 2020:20.

 6.Gupta D, Biswas D, Kabiraj PJG. COVID-19 outbreak and Urban dynamics: regional variations in India. 2021:1-19.

 7.Allaria C, Loubière S, Mosnier E, Monfardini E, Auquier P, Tinland A. “Locked down outside”: perception of hazard and health resources in COVID-19 epidemic context among homeless people. SSM-Population Health. 2021;15:100829.

 8.Galanis G, Hanieh A. Incorporating social determinants of health into modelling of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases: a baseline socio-economic compartmental model. Social Science & Medicine. 2021;274:113794.

 9.United Nations. 68% of the world population projected to live in urban areas by 2050, says UN 2018; 2018.

 10.Wu X, Nethery RC, Sabath BM, Braun D, Dominici F. Exposure to air pollution and COVID-19 mortality in the United States. J MedRxiv; 2020.

 11.Rendana M, Komariah LN. The relationship between air pollutants and COVID-19 cases and its implications for air quality in Jakarta, Indonesia. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumber Daya Alam dan Lingkungan. 2021;11(1):93-100.

 12.Moglia M, Frantzeskaki N, Newton P, Pineda-Pinto M, Witheridge J, Cook S, et al. Accelerating a green recovery of cities: lessons from a scoping review and a proposal for mission-oriented recovery towards post-pandemic urban resilience. Developments in the Built Environment. 2021;7:100052.

 13.Useche SA, Esteban C, Alonso F, Montoro L. Are Latin American cycling commuters “at risk”? A comparative study on cycling patterns, behaviors, and crashes with non-commuter cyclists. Accident Analysis & Prevention. 2021;150:105915.

 14.Bibri SE. Data-driven smart sustainable cities of the future: an evidence synthesis approach to a comprehensive state-of-the-art literature review. Sustainable Futures. 2021;3:100047.

 15.Anonymous. The world's healthiest cities: Spotahome Cities Barcelona Berlin Brussels Dublin London Madrid Milan Rome Valencia; 2021.

 16.Capolongo S, Rebecchi A, Buffoli M, Appolloni L, Signorelli C, Fara GM, et al. COVID-19 and Cities: from Urban Health strategies to the pandemic challenge. A Decalogue of Public Health Opportunities. Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis. 2020;91(2):13-22.

 17.Aliyu AA, Amadu L. Urbanization, cities, and health: the challenges to Nigeria - A review. Ann Afr Med. 2017;16(4):149-58.

 18.Tonne C, Adair L, Adlakha D, Anguelovski I, Belesova K, Berger M, et al. Defining pathways to healthy sustainable urban development. Environment international. 2021;146:106236.

 19.Roberts D. Barcelona wants to build 500 superblocks. Here’s what it learned from the first ones. Vox Media, LLC.; 2019.

 20.Pozoukidou G, Chatziyiannaki Z. 15-Minute City: decomposing the New Urban planning Eutopia. Sustainability. 2021;13(2):928.

 21.Nuwer R. Hamburg Plans to Become Car-Free By 2034 But should there really be zero cars? Smithsonian Magazine; 2014.

 22.Urry J, Leach J, Dunn N, Coulton C. The little book of car free cities. Lancaster University; 2017.

 23.Pei L, Wang X, Guo B, Guo H, Yu Y. Do air pollutants as well as meteorological factors impact Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)? Evidence from China based on the geographical perspective. Environmental Science and Pollution Research; 2021.

 24.Skirienė AF, Stasiškienė Ž. COVID-19 and air pollution: measuring pandemic impact to air quality in five European countries. Atmosphere. 2021;12(3):290.

 25.Gkatzelis GI, Gilman JB, Brown SS, Eskes H, Gomes AR, Lange AC, et al. The global impacts of COVID-19 lockdowns on urban air pollution: a critical review and recommendations. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 2021;9(1).

 26.Mortaz E, Malkmohammad M, Jamaati H, Naghan PA, Hashemian SM, Tabarsi P, et al. Silent hypoxia: higher NO in red blood cells of COVID-19 patients. BMC Pulmonary Medicine. 2020;20(1):269.

 27.Palacin V, Ferrario MA, Hsieh G, Knutas A, Wolff A, Porras J. Human values and digital citizen science interactions. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 2021;149:102605.

 28.Katewongsa P, Widyastari DA, Saonuam P, Haemathulin N, Wongsingha N. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the physical activity of the Thai population: evidence from Thailand's surveillance on physical activity 2020. Journal of sport and health science. 2021;10(3):341-8.

 29.Teixeira JF, Lopes M. The link between bike sharing and subway use during the COVID-19 pandemic: the case-study of New York's city bike. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. 2020;6:100166.

 30.Jobe J, Griffin GP. Bike share responses to COVID-19. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. 2021;10:100353.

 31.Zhang J, Hayashi Y, Frank LD. COVID-19 and transport: findings from a world-wide expert survey. Transport Policy. 2021;103:68-85.

 32.Boons F, Doherty B, Köhler J, Papachristos G, Wells P. Disrupting transitions: Qualitatively modelling the impact of Covid-19 on UK food and mobility provision. Environmental Innovation and Societal Transitions. 2021;40:1-19.

 33.Combs TS, Pardo CF. Shifting streets COVID-19 mobility data: Findings from a global dataset and a research agenda for transport planning and policy. Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives. 2021;9:100322.

 34.Molloy J, Schatzmann T, Schoeman B, Tchervenkov C, Hintermann B, Axhausen KW. Observed impacts of the Covid-19 first wave on travel behaviour in Switzerland based on a large GPS panel. Transport Policy. 2021;104:43-51.

 35.Tan L, Ma C. Choice behavior of commuters' rail transit mode during the COVID-19 pandemic based on logistic model. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition). 2021;8(2):186-95.

 36.Kazemzadeh K, Koglin T. Electric bike (non)users’ health and comfort concerns pre and peri a world pandemic (COVID-19): A qualitative study. Journal of Transport & Health. 2021;20:101014.

 37.Torrisi V, Ignaccolo M, Inturri G, Tesoriere G, Campisi T. Exploring the factors affecting bike-sharing demand: evidence from student perceptions, usage patterns and adoption barriers. Transportation Research Procedia. 2021;52:573-80.

 38.Rothengatter W, Zhang J, Hayashi Y, Nosach A, Wang K, Oum TH. Pandemic waves and the time after Covid-19 – Consequences for the transport sector. Transport Policy. 2021;110:225-37.

 39.Friedman A. Car-Free Environments and Shared Streets. In:editor.^editors. Fundamentals of Sustainable Urban Design. ed.: Springer. 2021 p. 181-6.

 40.Azhari JR. Melihat Jalur Sepeda di Lima Kota Dunia, Bisa Jadi Contoh Bagi Jakarta; 2019.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21109/kesmas.v0i0.5203

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.