Local Initiatives In Preventing Coronavirus Based On Health Policy Perceptive

World Health Organization (WHO) has declared Coronavirus 2019-2020 as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC). Local transmission of this disease occurs in almost every country around the world. Likewise, in Indonesia, Covid-19 cases have spread to all 34 provinces. This study aims to analyze the local initiative in handling Covid-19 based on the public health perspective in Indonesia. It is based on time, the form of activity, the type of response, and the contribution of local initiatives. This study used secondary data from various media sources and articles on the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia and community assistance as the keywords. The study used 31 news found in media sources from 34 provinces in Indonesia. Handling Covid-19 has become a concern for the government and the public. The government is implementing physical distancing as a way to handle Coronavirus. For the local community, it is in the form of local initiatives by educating the community, fulfilling PPE, supporting infrastructure facilities, crowdfunding carried out personally or in groups, and doing prevention by wearing masks and doing selfquarantine. Various elements of society have played a role and participated in the movement to eradicate the Coronavirus. Cross-sectoral coordination needs to be intensified for the implementation of comprehensive efforts.


INTRODUCTION
Coronavirus 2019 (Covid-19) is an infectious disease caused by acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province, and has since spread globally, resulting in the ongoing Coronavirus 2019-2020 pandemic. (1) The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the 2019-20 coronavirus outbreak as a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) on January 30, 2020, and a pandemic on March 11, 2020. (2) Local transmission of this disease has occurred in most countries in the six WHO regions. On April 26, 2020, more than 2.89 million cases were reported in 185 countries and territories, resulting in more than 202,000 deaths.  Task Force for  the Acceleration of Covid-19 Handling website, the distribution of Covid-19 cases has reached 34 provinces in Indonesia. (6) Covid-19 transmission is very rapid and massive through sparks from the nose or mouth that come out when people infected with Covid-19 cough or exhale. Covid-19 transmission can also occur if a person inhales a droplet that comes out of a cough or the breath of a person infected with Covid-19. (7) Until now, no vaccine has been found to prevent Covid-19. Resilience is essential, and prevention efforts of the government and the local initiative of the people became critical in reducing the incidence of Covid-19. Therefore, this study aims to describe the prevalence of Covid-19 and analyze local initiatives in the protection from Covid-19 in Indonesia based on a public health perspective. It seeks to obtain the phenomena and descriptions of local initiatives to prevent the spread of Covid-19 in Indonesia.

Forms of Action and Local Community Initiative as a form of response in the prevention of Covid-19
On March 23, 2020, the government suggests the physical distancing policy to break the chain of Covid-19. In cooperation with the national army and police, the government intervened selectively, assisted by public order enforcers in the regions to disperse the crowds. The efforts to prevent Covid-19 transmission was carried out in Kupang, Kediri, Banjarmasin, Jakarta, Purworejo, Lampung, Tembagapura, Tangerang, West Kalimantan, Central Sulawesi, and NTB. The aid includes setting up the sink to wash hands, spraying disinfectant, distributing hand wash, raising funds, and blocking the vehicle to their respective areas.
The volunteers also organize social programs such as socialization of large-scale social restrictions and promote the benefit of sunbathing in the morning sun. Another response form is to spread information about Coronavirus prevention carried out in all regions of Indonesia, to disseminate information through the app, socialization, education, campaigns, appeals, and educational videos. Other forms of response include social aid distributions, collaborative act to formulate hand sanitizers, mask and antiseptic distributions, and implementation of physical distancing. There is #GardaMudaBerantasCovid movement, too, which calls the youth to actively prevent the Covid-19 from

METHODS
This study uses secondary data from various media sources and articles on Covid-19 using the keywords "Covid-19 pandemic solidarity action in Indonesia" and "Covid-19 pandemic community assistance" through the Google search engine. After that, the data is extracted to improve with more specific keywords and determined based on location. The inclusion criteria are news publications in the period from January to April 2020 as well as actions of solidarity from Indonesian people in facing the Covid-19 pandemic in 34 provinces in Indonesia. The exclusion criteria are the news and articles before January 2020 and not in the territory of the country of Indonesia. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 31 news reports were obtained which were suitable to illustrate how the Indonesian people's action in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic. Data analysis was performed descriptively according to the topic of study objectives.

Overview of COVID-19
Coronavirus is an RNA virus with a particle size of 120-160 mm. Coronavirus, as the etiology of Covid-19, belongs to the genus Beta-coronavirus. The World Health Organization (WHO), on February 11, 2020, named this latest virus as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) with the name Coronavirus Disease 2019 (Covid-19). (8) In the global picture of Covid-19 today, there are as many as 65 countries infected with the Coronavirus. Transmission of the disease can occur from humans, and until now, the virus can spread rapidly. The Covid-19 case was first reported in December 2019 in Wuhan. From December 31, 2019, to January 3, 2020, this case continued to increase quickly, marking as many as 44 cases. In less than one month, the disease had spread in various other provinces in China, Thailand, and South Korea. Covid-19 were reported in Indonesia on March 2, 2020, with 2 cases occurred. Transmission of the virus is spread through transmission, which is called as imported cases from the outside area of origin or local transmission between residents. (9) Two months after the entry of COVID-19 in Indonesia, recorded cases of recovered Covid-19 patients are higher than the population of people with Covid-19 who passed away. Until May 3, 2020, data obtained in the handling of Covid-19 showed 1,876 patients recovered, while the number of patients who died was 845. So far, the number of Covid-19 cases has continued to increase, although the recovery of patients has exceeded the number of patients who died, it is not a sign that this outbreak has been resolved. (10) spreading, besides giving financial donations and supplying medical devices and PPE.

Local initiatives based on time
At the beginning of the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic in Indonesia in March 2020, the Indonesian government was not yet seen giving clear and firm instructions to the public. The public is confused because of the uncertainty of information without official guidance. This confusion is also seen in the indecisiveness of the government. Based on the survey results from Alvara Research on 1,223 respondents, 50.4% said the government was slow in responding to this outbreak. Even 60% of respondents also felt the government's information was still unclear. Many regions do self-lockdowns to protect their respective territories when the central government rejects a request to implement a regional quarantine. (11) The diversity of cultures in Indonesia makes the movements vary, and each region has its way to survive amid this pandemic. A sense of mutual concern and experience in managing disasters makes the community's instincts or non-governmental organizations spontaneously create independent movements to help their communities. The Indonesian government's response in providing centralized and bureaucratic health, infrastructure, and institutional facilities and services is not yet considered optimal. Likewise, the lacking and lagging detection process due to centralized and bureaucratic policies, the failure of public communication, and the lack of transparency. Indonesia is entering the beginning of a critical phase that can trigger an explosion of cases resulting in a surge in mortality. This condition requires collective awareness and new ways of working that are more inclusive, fast, and appropriate in answering problems.

Local initiatives based on the forms of activity
Based on the search results, various activities that reflect the local initiative in handling Covid-19 carried the people of Indonesia are including the following paragraphs:

Educational approach
The lack of education and precise information from the government makes people look for ways to survive in this pandemic. According to sociologists, this encourages people to become more self-aware and to remind each other and protect one another during pandemic progress. The support starts with education and information to the public about how dangerous this pandemic is. (12) Initiatives from two schools in Denpasar, Bali, which participated in educating students about prevention methods, are expected to increase student awareness, especially in maintaining cleanliness and keeping themselves from being infected. Not only in Denpasar, but the community in Depok also hold education related to preventing this virus by forming Covid-19 Kampung Siaga (vigilant village), which was initiated by the School of Volunteer. The program includes training on making hand sanitizers, checking the health conditions of residents, and providing information about the nearest Covid-19 referral hospital in the community.
In Dompu District, West Nusa Tenggara (NTB), one of the prevention invitations is carried out through a cultural approach that has taken root for hundreds of years, the Rimpu Mpisda. Rimpu is one type of Mbojo tribe clothing on Sumbawa Island, NTB, which is intended for Muslim women. It is expected that by using Rimpu, people can minimize transmission, which originates from droplets. As for the CISDI (Center for Indonesia's Strategic Development Initiatives), a civil society organization with a primary focus on health and youth development, they participate in providing education about important information and policies in handling COVID-19.

Fulfilling PPE and supporting infrastructure
Based on the results of the research in Table 1, it is known that many people sew personal protective equipment (PPE) and distribute it directly to hospitals. It is based on medical personnel's complaints that PPE stock is getting more limited due to the very high level of usage every day. There are also those who produce cloth masks and distribute them for free to various cities.
Besides, in some areas, many donated hand sanitizers, set up a sink and provided handwashing soap in several offices. There is also a form of making sterilization booths. Somewhat similar to the provision of staff, the people in Sidoarjo provide 'Padasan', which is one of the ancestral habits in the form of a jar of clay material that contains water-usually placed outside the fence before entering the yard of the house. In the past, the existence of this Padasan became an integral part of many homes in the Java region. The community's creativity also continues to develop innovations to ease the government's burden in handling Covid-19, such as the invention of a portable ventilator in Bandung.

Funds Support
There is also a form of community initiative in the form of financial support delivered to less fortunate residents. These efforts were carried out both personally and in groups such as real actions carried out by football supporters in Jakarta. The solidarity of raising donations was initiated by a group of employees in several government agencies, and the private sector as a form of commitment to face Covid-19. Other social groups also do social action of raising funds. It is done by a team of musicians who are targeting IDR 1 billion fundraisings aimed at the thousands of medical teams.

Cultural Approach
From a variety of previous historical experiences, the plague's handling cannot only involve the medical factor but needs to include social and cultural factors. On the one hand, this disease outbreak is often caused by the culture/way of life of humans or certain cultures in society. For example, the emergence of the spread of this epidemic is through close contact (a celebration or a party), a less clean lifestyle, so the process of transmission to others is faster.
One of the unique traditions of the Baduy community in the Banten Province is carrying out the "Kawalu" ritual. Kawalu tradition is an annual ritual of the Baduy people who close themselves off from tourists or newcomers to close outside access to Baduy. This ritual will last for the next three months. Kawalu rituals can be identified as a lockdown to avoid all disease, both physical and non-physical, brought by the newcomers.

Support to strengthen the implementation of government policies
One of the government's efforts to prevent the spread of Covid-19 is providing a sink and soap to wash hands in a public place. This policy got a good response from the community by helping to maintain the safety of the sink. Other efforts made by the government in the form of spraying disinfectant in public facilities, in homes, and in places of worship, advice to not leave the house, or having to go outside the home, they should wear a mask. There are other policies, such as schools from home/work from home, social distancing/maintain a distance with other people.
The government has assigned health workers to provide counseling, education, and always monitor the situation of the community regarding Covid-19. Covid-19 tests have also been made to be more accessible to the community so that early detection can be done. Other support provided by the community is the application of sterilization of the entrance of a complex or village in an area and improving the security system. This activity has been widely applied in various regions to protect its citizens from the spread of the Covid-19 outbreak.

Support to fulfill the limitations
Restrictions on mass activities in the context of preventing Covid-19 may also impact income and meet certain groups' food needs. Providing income support to the family is very important. All people/communities remain at home and adhere to the large-scale public restriction as the health measures aimed at flattening the curve and minimizing the fatalities of the Covid-19 pandemic. Therefore, the government needs to draw up an economic recovery plan to mitigate this crisis's social impact. The health and financial sectors have a close bond, the higher the economic shocks, the more significant the effect on health and social.
Also, the volunteers have raised funds that are then distributed in the form of money, various groceries, masks, hand sanitizers to people who cannot afford to buy it. For instance, some women from the village of Bone Lemo, West Bajo, South Sulawesi, as a form of community response to the Covid-19 outbreak, made disinfectant fluid from betel leaves and lime. It is used as a material for vaporization in the sterilization chamber (the place used to kill germs and disease).

Pray together
In various regions, there have been joint prayers so that the Covid-19 outbreak will soon end so that people can live a healthy life again with a sense of security and comfort. As was done by residents in Lhokseumawe, who took action by walking and carry a torch, at each crossroads, they will pause to echo the call to prayer.

Contribution of local initiatives in handling COVID-19 in the perspective of public health
Covid-19 handling in the perspective of public health in Indonesia has been regulated in Law No. 6 of 2018. It is stated that the central government and regional governments are responsible for protecting public health from diseases and risk factors for public health that can potentially cause public health emergencies through gauze management health quarantine. (13) Health quarantine measures according to Law 6/2018 are carried out in the form of quarantine, isolation, vaccination or prevention, referral, disinfection, and decontamination of people as indicated; large-scale social restrictions; disinfection and decontamination; and restructuring, securing and controlling environmental media.
Prevention efforts by using masks are also widely applied in various countries and regions in Indonesia. The use of masks is considered an action that can prevent the spread of the virus. Communities who are devout in using masks can contribute to controlling the incidence of Covid-19 by reducing emissions of infected saliva and droplets from individuals with subclinical and moderate Covid-19. (14) The results of the study stated that the lockdown activity in an area affected by the Coronavirus outbreak needs to be done as an effort to minimize the spread of the virus outbreak. Even though it certainly has a negative impact, which is at risk to the country's economic order. In the implementation of this lockdown, there needs to be a collaboration between the government and the community to realize social welfare and public health without restricting religion, society, and the profession. (15) Various forms of the Covid-19 handling activities were undertaken at the society's initiative in several regions in Indonesia. Local initiatives originating from the community have the advantage of being agents of change. The power from within can move the community, has a stronger endurance compared to initiatives that came from outside. (16)

CONCLUSIONS
Covid-19 pandemic has an impact on all countries in the world, including Indonesia. To eradicate the Covid-19 pandemic requires cooperation and cohesiveness from various elements from the government, the private sector, and the community. Various activities have been carried out by many parties, including providing education through socialization, counseling, and appeals to all communities, including deaf people. Activities to educate people about Coronavirus, such as the prevention and treatment, are done by health workers, volunteers, lecturers, teachers, and other communities. In addition to education, there are activities to fulfill PPE (Personal Protective Equipment) needs and the support in fulfilling infrastructure facilities and financial support that various parties. High awareness about the health and humanity of community and government can drive the success of the eradication of Covid-19.

RECOMMENDATIONS
In principle, the Coronavirus prevention and eradication program cannot be carried out by one party. All elements and layers of society must play a role and participate in the coronavirus eradication community movement. The government can analyze the phenomenon of local initiatives in the community to design a friendly and practical approach in the eradication program of this virus. Cross-sector coordination needs to be intensified for the implementation of comprehensive efforts. Moreover, the importance of commitment and empathy becomes the main foundation in the implementation of this program.