1. Home
  2. Vol 3, No 1 (2019)
  3. Bantas

Gender and Hypertension (Data analysis of The Indonesia Basic Health Research 2007)

Krisnawati Bantas, Dwi Gayatri

Abstract


The objective of this study was to examine whether there was a gender difference in the occurrence of hypertension in Indonesian people, after controlling for individual and environment factors. Data were obtained from the Indonesia Basic Health Research 2007 and a cross-sectional design was used. Samples consisted of 13.262 men and women age 15 years or more. A multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the data. There was a statistically significant association between gender and hypertension. Women were less likely to have hypertension than men (OR 0.86 P value < 0.0033). There was an interaction between variable of gender and variable of age. It suggested that the probability of having hypertension in women and men was varied by the strata of age. In the strata of age more than 60 years, women were more likely to have hypertension than men (OR 1.25, P value 0.0065); in strata of age 30-59 years, there was no difference of having hypertension between women and men (P value > 0.05); in strata of age <30 years, women were less likely to have hypertension than men (OR 0.67 Pvalue 0.0000). Among women, there was an increased of having hypertension with age. Age of ≥ 60 years was the highest risk of having hypertension. Among men, there was an increased of having hypertension with age, but at in the age of ≥ 60 years the increased risk of having hypertension was not as high as in women. 

Keywords


hypertension, gender, multilevel analysis, Indonesia

Full Text:

PDF

References


Global Health Observatory(GHO).2015. The prevalence and the risk factors of blood pressure .https://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/blood_pressure_prevalence_text/en/ (accessed Oct 20, 2017)

Roeters van Lennep JE, Westerveld HT, Erkelens DW, van der Wall EE. 2002. Risk faktors for coronary heart disease: implications of gender. Cardiovasc.Res. Feb 15;53(3):538-549.

Saseen Joseph J, Eric J. MacLaughlin.. Hypertension. Pharmacotherapy: A Pathophysiologic Approach, A Pathophysiologic Approach. 9th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; 2014:49-84.

CDC. 2014. About High Blood Pressure. https://www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure (accessed Oct 20, 2017)

Regitz-ZagRosek V, Lehmkuhl E, Mahmoodzadeh S. 2007 Gender aspect of the role of metabolik syndrome as a ris faktor for cardiovascular disease. Gend Med.;4 Suppl B:S162-77

Liu PY, Death AK, Handelsman DJ. Androgens and cardiovascular disease. Endocr Rev. 2003; 24: 313–340 in Reckelhoff J F.2005. Seks Steroids, Cardiovascular Disease, and Hypertension. Unanswered Questions and Some Speculations. Hypertension. 2005;45:170.

Burl VL, Whelton P, Roccella EJ, Brown C, Cutler JA, Higgins M, Horan MJ, Labarthe D. 1995. Prevalence of Hypertension in the US Adult Population 1995. Results From the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survei,1988–1991. Hypertension.; 25: 305–313.

Quan A, Chakravarty S, Chen J-K, Chen J-C, Loleh S, Saini N, Harris R, Capdevila J, Quigley R. 2004 Androgens augment proximal tubule transport. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol.; 287: F452–F459

Ellison KE, Ingelfinger JR, Pivor M, Dzau VJ. 1989;. Androgen Regulation of Rat Renal Angiotensinogen Messenger RNA Expression. J Clin Invest; 83: 1941–1945

James GD, Sealey JE, Muller F, Alderman M, Madhavan S, Laragh JH. Renin Relationship to Sex, Race and Age in Normotensive Population. J Hypertens. 1986; 4: S387–S389 in Reckelhoff J F.2005. Seks Steroids, Cardiovascular Disease, and Hypertension. Unanswered Questions and Some Speculations. Hypertension. 2005;45:170.

Reckelhoff J, Romero J. 2003 Role of oxidative stres in angiotensin-induced hypertension. . Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol; 284: R893–R912

Allen C, McLacklan R. Age-related changes in testosterone and the role of replacement therapy in older men. Clin Endocrinol. 2004; 60: 653–670)

Nickenig G. Should angiotensin II receptor blockers and statins be combined? Circulation. 2004; 110:1013–1020

Stavreus-Evers A, Parini P, Freyschuss B, Elger W, Reddersen G, Sahlin L, Eriksson H. 2001. Estrogenic influence on the regulation of hepatic estrogen receptor-alpha and serum level of angiotensinogen in female rats. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol.; 78: 83–88

van Kesteren PJ, Kooistra T, Lansink M, van Kamp GJ, Asscheman H, Gooren LJ, Emeis JJ, Vischer UM, Stehouwer CD. 1998. The effects of Seks steroids on plasma levels of marker proteins of endothelial cell functioning. Thromb Haemost.; 79: 1029–1033

Dubey R.K., Jackson E.K. Estrogen-induced cardiorenal protection: potential cellular, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. (2001) 280:F365–F388.

Widder J, Pelzer T, VonPoaer-Klein C, Hu K, Jazbutyte F, Fritzemeier K-H, Hegele-Hartung C, Neyses L, Bauersachs J. Improvement of endothelial dysfunction by selective estrogen receptor-alpha stimulation of ovariectomized SHR. Hypertension. 2003; 42: 991–996

Mori T, Durand J, Chen Y, Thompson J, Bakir S, Oparil S.2000.Effects of short term estrogen treatment on the neointimal response to balloon injury of rat carotid artery. Am J Cardiol. 2000; 85: 1276–1279 , in Reckelhoff J F.2005. Seks Steroids, Cardiovascular Disease, and Hypertension. Unanswered Questions and Some Speculations. Hypertension. 2005;45:170.

Dubey Raghvendra K. Oparil Suzannel, Imthurn Bruno., Edwin K. Jackson.2002.Sex Hormon and Hypertension Cardiovasc Res.2002. 53 (3): 688-708

Barchiesi F, Jackson E, Gillespie D, Zacharia L, Fingerle J, Dubey RK. 2002 Methoxyestradiols mediate estradiol-induced antimitogenesis in human aortic SMCs. Hypertension. 2002; 39: 874–879

Dantas AP, Tostes Rita C.A, Fortes Zuleica B, Costa Sonia G, Nigro Dorothy. 2002. Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats In Vivo Evidence for Antioxidant Potential of Estrogen in Microvessels of Female. Hypertension. 2002;39:405-411

Hamilton C, Brosnan M, McIntyre M, Graham D, Dominiczak A. 2001. Superoxide excess in hypertension and aging: A common cause of endothelial dysfunction. Hypertension.; 37: 529–534.

Bird, C., Rieker, P.,1999, "Gender mattersan integrated model for understanding men's and women's health" Sosial Science & Medicine:745-755.

Denton M, Prus S, Walters V. 2004. Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structural and behavioural determinants of health. Soc Sci Med. 2004 Jun;58(12):2585-600.

Arber, S.; Cooper, H. 1999."Gender differences in health in later lifeThe new paradox?"Sosial Science & Medicine 1999:61-76.Arner P 1998 Not all fat is alike. Lancet 351:1301–1302

Ross CE, Bird CE.1994. Sex stratification and health lifestyle: consequences for men's and women's perceived health. J Health Soc Behav. 1994 Jun;35(2):161-78.

McDonough, P.,Walters, V., Strohschein, L.,2002, "Chronic stres and the sosial patterning of women's health in Canada" Sosial Science & Medicine 2002:767-782.

Walters, V., McDonough, P., Strohschein, L., 2002. "The influence of work, household structure, and sosial, personal and material resources on gender differences in healthAn analysis of the 1994 Canadian national population health survei" Sosial Science & medicine,54(5):677-692.

Maeda K, Noguchi Y, Fukui T.2003.. The effects of cessation from cigarette smoking on the lipid and lipoprotein profiles: a meta-analysis. Prev Med. 2003;37:283–290.

Whincup, I J Perry, A G Shaper. 1994. Environmental factors in the development of essential hypertension British Medical Bulletin, Volume 50, Issue 2, 1 January 1994, Pages 246–259,

Greenland Sanders. 2001 Ecological versus individual-level sources of bias in ecological estimates of contextual health effects. International Journal of Epidemiology 2001: 30; 1343-1350

Goldstein R.S., Tarloff J.B., Hook J.B. Age-related nephropathy in laboratory rats. FASEB J. (1988) 2:2241–2251

O'Neill, MS; Jerrett, M; Kawachi, I; Levy, JI; Cohen, AJ; Gouveia, N; Wilkinson, P; Fletcher, T; Cifuentes, L; Schwartz, J. 2003. Health,wealth, and air pollution: advancing theory and methods. Environmental health perspectives, 111 (16). pp. 1861-70. ISSN 0091-6765

Stocks Nigel P, Ryan Philip, McElroy Heather, Allan James. 2004. Statin prescribing in Australia: socioeconomic and sex differences. A cross-sectional study; Medicine and The Community. MJA Vol 180 1 March 2004

Kawachi, I. and Berkman, L.F. (2003) Neighborhoods and Health. Oxford University Press, New York.. ISBN 0195138384

Weber MA, Schiffrin EL, White WB, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of hypertension in the community: a statement by the American Society of Hypertension and the International Society of Hypertension. J Hypertens. 2014;32(1):3–15.

Hajjar I, Kotchen JM., Kotchen TA. 2006. Trends in prevalensi, awareness, treatment, and control of hypertension in the USA 1988-2000. Annu Rev Public Health: 27:646-90

Cutler Jeffrey A., Sorlie Paul D.,Wolz Michael.,Thom Thomas et al.2008. Trends in Hypertension Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment, and Control Rates in United States Adults Between 1988–1994 and 1999–2004. Hypertension. 2008; 52: 818-827

Leenen Frans H.H., Dumais Jean., McInnis Natalie H., Nemeth Kathleen., Lum-Kwong Margaret Moy., George Fodor. 2008. Results of the Ontario Survei on the Prevalence and Control of Hypertension. CMAJ May 20, 2008 vol. 178 no. 11 1441-1449

Gupta A , Gupta R , Sarna M , Rastogi S, Gupta VP, Kothari K. Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose and insulin resistance syndrome in an urban Indian population. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2003 Jul;61(1):69-76

Mufunda J, G Mebrahtu, A Usman, P Nyarango, A KOAia, Y Ghebrat, A Ogbamariam, M Masjuan and A Gebremichael. 2006. The prevalence of hypertension and its relationship with obesity: results from a national blood pressure survei in Eritrea. Journal of Human Hypertension (2006) 20, 59–65.

Safdar,A., Omair,U.,Hasan Faisal,.2004. Prevalence of Hypertension in a low income settlement of Karachi, Pakistan. Journal of Pakistan Medical Assciation oct 2004

Ibrahim A. Bani. 2008. Prevalence and related risk faktors of Essential Hypertension in Jazan region, Saudi Arabia. Journal of College of Medicine Vol. 13 (2) 2008: pp.111-115

.44. Shapo L, Pomerleau J, McKee M.2003. Epidemiology of hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk faktors in a country in transition: a population based survei in Tirana City, Albania. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2003 Sep;57(9):734-9.

Borges Hilma Paixão, Cruz Nilma do Carmo., Moura Erly Catarina.2008. Association Between Hypertension and Overweight in Adults in Belém, State of Pará (Brazil), 2005. Arq Bras Cardiol 2008;91(2):99-106

Gasse C, Hense HW, Stieber J, et al. 2001 Assessing hypertension management in the community: Trends of prevalence, detection, treatment, and control of hypertension in the MONICA Project, Augsburg 1984–1995. J Hum Hypertens. 2001

Reckelhoff J F.2005. Seks Steroids, Cardiovascular Disease, and Hypertension. Unanswered Questions and Some Speculations. Hypertension. 2005;45:170.

Allen C, McLacklan R. Age-related changes in testosterone and the role of replacement therapy in older men. Clin Endocrinol. 2004; 60: 653–670)

Reckelhoff J, Romero J. 2003 Role of oxidative stres in angiotensin-induced hypertension. . Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol; 284: R893–R912

Nickenig G. Should angiotensin II receptor blockers and statins be combined? Circulation. 2004; 110:1013–1020.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7454/epidkes.v3i1.3142

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.